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I L L U ST]R.^^TKID 



UNITED STATES 

IN THE 

WORLD WAR 



by 



MELVIN J. GORDON 



OFFICIAL ILLUSTRATIONS 



COPYRIGHTED 1922 






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C1A604200 



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THE UNITED STATES 

IN THE 

WORLD WAR 

by 

MELVIN J. GORDON 

The United States entered the World War on April 6th, 
1917, with pride in thought and sorrow at heart, to justify 
the principles of peace and justice, and with hope to bring 
the terrible antagonisms to a successful termination. Many 
horrible disasters were brought, to the face of the United 
States, before she took this step. The most vital and final 
cause of this step, was the sinking of the unarmed Ameri- 
can steamer **Missourian" which left Genoa, April 4th, 
1917, with thirty-two Americans among the crew of fifty- 
three. The crew was saved. Efforts were made by the 
United States to obtain an account from Germany for this 



deplorable act, but no satisfactory answer had been sub- 
mitted. 

Hence President Wilson called a special meeting of 
Congress on April 5th, 1917 (the day of the signing of 
the Joint Resolution, and the declaration of war) and de- 
livered the Proclamation of State of War and of Alien 
Enemy Regulations: 

"Whereas the Congress of the United States in the ex- 
ercise of the constitutional authority vested in them have 
resolved, by joint resolution of the Senate and House of 
Representatives bearing date this day 'That the state of 
war between the United States and the Imperial German 
Government which has been thrust upon the United States 
is hereby formally declared' : 

"Whereas it is provided by Section four thousand and 
sixty-seven of the Revised Statutes, as follows : 

Whenever there is declared a war between the 
United States and any foreign nation or government, 
or any invasion of predatory incursion is perpetrated, 
attempted, or threatened against the territory of the 
United States, by any foreign nation or government, 
and the President makes public proclamation of the 
event, all natives, citizens, denizens, or subjects of lEe 
hostile nation or government, being males of the age 
of fourteen years and upwards, who shall be within 



the United States, and not actually naturalized, shall 
be liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured, and 
removed, as alien enemies. The President is author- 
ized, in any such event, by his proclamation thereof, 
or other public act, to direct the conduct to be ob- 
served, on the part of the United States, toward the 
aliens who become so liable; the manner and degree 
of the restraint to which they shall be subject, and 
in what cases, and upon what security their residence 
shall be permitted, and to provide for the removal of 
those who, not being permitted to reside within the 
United States, refuse or neglect to depart therefrom; 
and to establish any other regulations which are found 
necessary in the premises and for the public safety; 
"Whereas, by Sections four thousand and sixty-eight, 
four thousand and sixty-nine, and four thousand and 
seventy, the Revised statutes, further provision is made rel- 
ative to alien enemies ; 

"Now, therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the 
United States of America, do hereby proclaim to all whom 
it may concern that a state of war exists between the 
United States and the Imperial German Government; and 
I do specially direct all officers, civil or military, of the 
United States that they exercise vigilance and zeal in the 
discharge of the duties incident to such a state of war; 



and I do, moreover, earnestly appeal to all American cit- 
izens that they, in loyal devotion to their country, dedi- 
cated from its foundation to the principles of liberty and 
justice, uphold the laws of the land, and give undivided 
and willing support to those measures which may be 
adopted by the constitutional authorities in prosecuting the 
war to a successful issue and in obtaining a secure and 
just peace; 

"And, acting under and by virtue of the authority vested 
in me by the Constitution of the United States and the 
said sections of the Revised Statutes, I do hereby further 
proclaim and direct that the conduct to be observed on 
the part of the United States towards all natives, citizens, 
denizens, or subjects of Germany, being males of the age 
of fourteen years and upwards, who shall be within the 
United States and not actually naturalized, who for the 
purpose of this proclamation and under such sections of 
the Revised Statutes are termed alien enemies, shall be as 
follows : 

"All alien enemies are enjoined to preserve the peace 
towards the United States and to refrain from crime 
against the public safety, and for violating the laws of 
the United States and of the States and Territories thereof, 
and to refrain from actual hostility or giving information, 
aid or comfort to the enemies of the United States, and to 



comply strictly with the regulations which are hereby or 
which may be from time to time promulgated by the Presi- 
dent; and so long as they shall conduct themselves in ac- 
cordance with law, they shall be undisturbed in the peace- 
ful pursuit of their lives and occupations and be accorded 
the consideration due to all peaceful and law-abiding per- 
sons, except so far as restrictions may be necessary for 
their own protection and for the safety of the United 
States; and towards such alien enemies as conduct them- 
selves in accordance with law, all citizens of the United 
States are enjoined to preserve the peace and to treat them 
with all such friendliness as may be compatible with 
loyalty and allegiance to the United States ; 

"And all alien enemies who fail to conduct themselves 
as so enjoined, in addition to all other penalties prescribed 
by law, shall be liable to restraint, or to give security, or 
to remove and depart from the United States in the man- 
ner prescribed by Sections four thousand and sixty nine 
and four thousand and seventy of the Revised Statutes, 
and as prescribed in the regulations duly promulgated by 
the President ; 

"And pursuant to the authority vested in me, I hereby 
declare and establish the following regulations, which I 
find necessary in the premises and for the public safety : 

(1) An alien enemy shall not have in his posses- 



sion, at any time or place, any firearm, weapon, or 
implement of war, or component part thereof, am- 
munition, maximum or other silencer, bomb or ex- 
plosive or material used in the manufacture of explo- 
sives ; 

(2) An alien enemy shall not have in his posses- 
sion at any time or place or use or operate any air- 
craft or wireless apparatus, or any form of signalling 
device, or any form of cipher code, or any paper, doc- 
ument or book written or printed in cipher or in 
which there may be invisible writing. 

(3) All property found in the possession of an alien 
enemy in violation of the foregoing regulations shall 
be subject to seizure by the United States ; 

(4) An alien enemy shall not approach or be found 
within one-half of a mile of any Federal or State 
fort, camp, arsenal, aircraft station. Government or 
naval vessel, navy yard, factory, or workshop for the 
manufacture of munitions of war or of any products 
for the use of the army or navy ; 

(5) An alien enemy shall not write, print, or pub- 
lish any attack or threats against the Government or 
Congress of the United States, or either branch there 
of, or against the measures or policy of the United 
States, or against the person or property of any per- 

9 



son in the military, naval, or civil service of the United 
States, or of the States or Territories, or of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, or of the municipal governments 
therein ; 

(6) An alien enemy shall not commit or abet any 
hostile act against the United States, or give informa- 
tion, aid or comfort to its enemies; 

(7) An alien enemy shall not reside in or continue 
to reside in, to remain in, or enter any locality which 
the President may from time to time designate by Ex- 
ecutive Order as a prohibited area in which residence 
by an alien enemy shall be found by him to constitute 
a danger to the public peace and safety of the United 
States, except by permit from the President and ex- 
cept under such limitations or restrictions as the Pres- 
ident may prescribe; 

(8) An alien enemy whom the President shall have 
reasonable cause to believe to be aiding or about to 
aid the enemy, or to be at large to the danger of the 
public peace or safety of the United States, or to have 
violated or to be about to violate any of these regula- 
tions, shall remove to any location designated by the 
President by Executive Order, or shall not remove 
therefrom without a permit, or shall depart from the 
United States if so required by the President ; 

10 



(9) No alien enemy shall depart from the United 
States until he shall have received such permit as the 
President shall prescribe, or except under order of a 
court, judge, or justice, under Secftion 4069 and 4070 
of the Revised Statutes; 

(10) No alien enemy shall land in or enter the 
United States, except under such restrictions and at 
such places as the President may prescribe ; 

(11) If necessary to prevent violations of these 
regulations, all alien enemies will be obliged to 
register ; 

(12) An alien enemy whom there may be reason- 
able cause to believe to be aiding or about to aid the 
enemy, or who may be at large to the danger of the 
public peace or safety, or who violates or attempts to 
violate, or of whom there is reasonable ground to be- 
lieve that he is about to violate, any regulation duly 
promulgated by the President, or any criminal law of 
the United States, or of the States or Territories 
thereof, will be subject to summary arrest by the 
United States Marshall, or his deputy, or such other 
officer as the President shall designate, and to confine- 
ment in such penitentiary, prison, jail, military camp, 
or other place of detention as may be directed by the 
President. 

11 



"This proclamation and the regulations herein contained 
shall extend and apply to all land and water, continental 
or insular, in any way within the jurisdiction of the United 
States. 

*'IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my 
hand and cause the seal of the United States to be 
affixed. 

"Done at the City of Washington, this sixth day of April, 
in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and 
seventeen, and of the independence of the United States 
the one hundred and forty-first. 

"WOODROW WILSON." 

Without loss of a single minute, the great act that 
made us an ally instead of onlookers was made known 
to all citizens, natives, denizens and also subjects of the 
great hostile nation or government. Immediately inter- 
nal, unified and co-operative action began, among all fel- 
low-countrymen whose services rendered were received, 
with greatest, yet indirect, appreciation by the world. In 
order to fulfill his necessary, honorable and patriotic duty, 
the man had to join the army, navy, marines, and so forth, 
to work in a shipyard, clothing factory, food supply house 
or any other manufacturing plant whose products offered 
some aid to the great cause. 

The woman's task on the other hand was even greater 

12 



than that of the man's. She, in doing her bit, fulfilled 
the duties of the man who left for other services, and also 
did home working, such as sewing, knitting, etc., besides 
other necessary work that was to be done relating to her 
housework and children's care. 

The call to arms found our country ill-prepared, for the 
great task which lay before it. No sooner had the news 
reached the Council of National Defense and its Advisory 
Commission, that a state of war existed between 
the United States and the Imperial German Government, 
when serious work began along the commercial lines. An 
act, passed by Congress, provided for the Council to con- 
sist of the Secretaries of War, Navy, Interior, Agriculture, 
Commerce, Labor and the Advisory Commission of seven 
men chosen from civil life, and put in charge, one of trans- 
portation; another of munitions, another of food, clothing 
and supplies in general; another of raw materials, min- 
erals and metals ; another of labor ; another of engineering ; 
another of medicinal, surgery and sanitation. 

At a meeting held by all railroad oflficials, terms were 
traced to a standard most beneficial to the cause, and pro- 
visions for further operation of all railways were drawn 
up accordingly. In December the railroads were taken 
over by the Government, and the President appointed the 
Secretary of the Treasury Director-General. He also made 

13 



an appeal to the people asking them to realize the enormous 
strain the railroads were under at the time, and that they 
be content to use the coal that was nearest at hand, to 
avoid congestion and extra work for the crosshand coal. 
The coal labor shortage was so great that the Mayor of 
New York City was asked to use the city's street cleaners 
for the purpose of unloading coal on the New Jersey side. 
The overwhelming amount of freight due to war industries 
was the cause of the greatest part of the congestion. To 
relieve this condition and so make way for the export of 
fuel and food, traffic was ordered to southern ports, and 
passenger trains were annulled by hundreds, so that their 
locomotives might be used for other purposes. 

Mr. Hoover, chairman of the committee on food supply 
and prices, immediately secured the cooperation of all 
food distributing agencies who did their utmost to pre- 
vent waste, speculation, and to increase food production. On 
April 15th, Pi:esident Wilson made an appeal to the Eco- 
nomic Board, to increase the production of war material, 
and to raise food in greater abundance. "We must," he 
said, **not only supply ourselves, our army and our navy, 
but a large part of the nations with whom we had made 
common cause. We must build ships by the hundreds, to 
carry to the other side of the seas, submarines or no sub- 
marines, whatever would be needed there." This, there 

14 



fore, brought our industries — our farms, mines, ship yards, 
factories — ^to be more prolific and more provident than 
ever before. 

An urgent appeal was made, to the farmers, to increase 
the raising of food stuffs. I feel right in stating that up- 
on the farmers' shoulders rested half of the task, which 
our democratic Government undertook; to solve the auto- 
cratic problem of the world. "Their failure would have 
meant our country's failure." The response, without 
a doubt, was greater than that expected. Each farmer 
did his bit, to raise more food for the benefit of the boys 
of our own country, and our allies, who offered all they 
had to safeguard the rights of the world and so protect 
our country in their democratic act. The farmers' call 
for help was answered, by thousands of our high school 
and college boys, who were above the age of fourteen. 
Other school children were engaged in cultivating their 
backyards ; a work that was vital to the country. Quoting 
MacMaster, "To raise food was not all. Quite as important 
was the use of it." The waste of food had to be stopped, 
and this Mr. Hoover sought to secure, by specially appeal- 
ing to the women of the country. 

In order to stop the American habit of wastefulness, 
and know how and what to save, Mr. Hoover provided a 
card for each home. This card called for the use of less 

15 



wheat, meat, fats, milk, sugar and fuel ; for a larger use of 
fruits and vegetables. It was declared by Mr. Hoover that 
one pound of wheat saved each week by each family would 
mean 150,000,000 bushels for our allies. He also 
claimed that one ounce of sugar saved daily by every per- 
son would amount to 1,100,000 tons a year. One-third of 
an ounce less animal fat each day would save 375,000 tons 
a year. A nation-wide association — the United States Food 
Administration — was formed, and each woman above the 
age of fifteen was asked to join, by signing a card, which 
pledged that woman to carry out the food saving provision, 
made by Mr. Hoover. 

The prices of foodstuffs due to the great shortage were 
extremely high; higher than ever before in the history of 
the United States. Sugar, *'the shortage of it being first 
felt by the people," rose to almost four times the normal 
price. 

Judging from the price of sugar and other foodstuffs, 
thousands of people voiced their opinion of future life con- 
ditions. Some said the coming of a panic was sure and 
quick ; other that a time was near at hand, when the poor 
people would be forced to steal or starve. The cry of 
the people. High prices and low wages, was heard by Mr. 
Hoover, who immediately began action in the way of price 
regulation. 

16 



First to be regulated were the prices of flour, wheat and 
bread. The mills and elevators were forbidden, by an act 
passed by Congress, to speculate in wheat and flour. In 
Chicago all "future dealing" ceased. 

From this we step to the Department of War, whose de- 
mand for expeditionary forces was great, and yet 
partly provided for. An offer made by Colonel Theodore 
Roosevelt, to raise and independent volunteer force had 
been rejected by the President, who said: "I understand 
that the section of this act which authorizes the creation 
of volunteer divisions, in addition to the draft, was added 
with a view to providing an independent command for 
Mr. Roosevelt and giving the military authority an oppor- 
tunity to use his fine vigor and enthusiasm in recruiting 
the forces now at the Western Front. 

"It would be very agreeable to pay Mr. Roosevelt this 
compliment and the allies the compliment of sending to their 
aid one of our most distinguished public men, an ex-Presi- 
dent, who has rendered many conspicuous public services 
and proved his gallantry in many striking ways. Politi- 
cally, too, it would no doubt have a very fine effect and 
make a profound impression." 

He continued to impress upon his audience that, it was 
not the time or occasion for compliment, nor was the time 
so convenient nor prolonged as to allow volunteer forms 

17 



tion of an independent division, since the demand for im- 
mediate forces was so great. He added : "The first troops 
sent to France will be taken from the present 
forces of the regular army, and will be under the com- 
mand of trained soldiers only. The issues involved are too 
immense for me to take into consideration anything ex- 
cept the best, more effective, most immediate means of 
military action. What these means are I know from the 
mouths of men who have seen war as it is now conducted, 
with no illusions, and to whom the whole grim matter is 
a matter of business. I shall center my attention upon 
those means and let everything else wait. 

"I should be deeply to blame should I do otherwise, what- 
ever the argument of policy for a personal gratification or 
advantage." 

Immediate action took place, in the work of enlisting. 
The call to the colors was delivered to all the American 
people, through effective posters on billboards, in factories, 
on automobiles, wagons, in front of all recruiting stations. 
The great need of patriotic boys was also made known, 
through newspapers, by Government officials who from 
automobiles drawn up to the curb, illustrated their patrio- 
tism by constantly appealing to the people, and from plat- 
forms in halls where meetings were held each day they 
pleaded most conspicuously to heed their country's call. 

18 



We must not forget that the men picked in that manner 
were ill-prepared for the military service; and as great a 
task as was getting the men, was the feat of training 
them, for the work that lay before them. We must also 
remember that, scores of recruits were rejected on account 
of their physical condition. Some were under- weight ; 
others were flat-footed. Narrow chests, defective sight and 
bad teeth were the greatest part of the cause for rejection. 
Nevertheless by the end of July 558,858 were accepted, out 
of a million or over recruits. Additional to this number 
were 1,374,000 young men, drafted into the selective army 
on July 20th, 1917, which marks the date of the great 
historical event, so-called the **Draft." The draft lottery 
began at 9.30 A. M. in the Hearing Room of the Senate 
Office Building. The guests who were with Secretary 
Baker — members of the House and Military Committee — 
witnessed the proceedings of the war draft. The 
men picked, for the drawing of the gelatin capsule enclosed 
numbers, were from General Crowder's office. The num- 
ber picked was 1,374,000. These numbers were distributed 
among their local exemption boards respectively. The war 
was now in full swing. 

Early in June, dispatches received from London reported 
the safe arrival of the first regiment of our army. A few 
days later a second regiment arrived, and as July drew 

19 



near a third landed safe in secrecy. The first contingent 
consisting of General Pershing, 53 officers, 69 civil secre- 
taries and 67 soldiers were received by thousands upon thou- 
sands of Parisians who left their offices, factories and 
shops to assemble along the curbs of streets, through which 
the contingent was to pass. Some of the noble members 
present at the arrival were M. Viviani, Marshal Joffre, 
General Foch, General Brugere, Military Governor of 
Paris, and an officer representing the President of the Re- 
public. 

At home, meanwhile, the militia had been mobilized. On 
the 9th of July the President called the National Guard in- 
to service of the United States. 

The first great battle after our entrance into the war 
was the battle of Vimy Ridge, April 9th to May 14th. This 
battle goes down in history as one of the great- 
est battles of the war, won by the British. The taking of 
Vimy Ridge, which cost the Germans 60,000 casualties to 
capture more than two years ago, is accepted as proof that, 
the British preparations and the preponderance of man- 
power and heavy material, have not been made ineffectual 
by the German retreat. 

The European allies were gloriously elated, over the great 
performance of the North American Territorials. Vimy 
Push may be the prelude to the war's greatest battle, with 

20 



prolonged terrific fighting and with heavy losses on both 
sides. The British armies from the north of Arras con- 
tinued to press their attacks, and on the night of May 
16th, 1917 more than 11,000 German had passed through 
the British rear, and load after load of war loot rumbled 
by the victorious Britons and Canadians. In addition to 
the prisoners and loot, several more villages and vantage 
points fell into the hands of General Haig's forces. The 
British losses were rather light. This fact was largely 
due to the splendid artillery covering. 

On October 27th, 1917, the first shot from our men in 
the trenches, was fired. November 3rd, 1917, saw the first 
American blood spilt on the fighting front in France. The 
enemy put down a heavy barrage of fire, cutting 
off the salient from the rest of the men. Our losses were 
three killed, five wounded and twelve captured. The en- 
emy's losses were unknown. 

On November 30th remarkable action was illustrated by 
the American engineers. On that day the Germans at- 
tacked west of Cambraii, where the American army engi- 
neers were working on the railways. With the British guard 
and the aid of these army engineers the Germans were 
forced back. After learning of this battle west of Cam- 
braii, a French communication said: "We must remark 
on the conduct of certain American soldiers, pioneers and 

21 



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Streams of Americans in olive drab pouring into the St. Mihiel sali- 
ent, pressing the Boche retreat. Montsec, the fortified hill which 
fell into American hands in the court of the first day of the 
assault, in the background. The soldiers in the fore- 
ground are machine gunners; their column is cross- 
ing the route of a supply train. 



22 



workmen on the military railroad in the sector of the 
German attack west of Cambraii on November 30th. They 
exchanged their picks and shovels for rifles and cartridges 
and fought beside the English. Many died thus bravely, 
arms in hand, before the invader. All helped to repulse 
the enemy. There is not a single person who saw them at 
work who does not render warm praise for the coolness, 
discipline and courage of these improvised combatants." 

Battle after battle now followed in rapid succession. On 
February 23rd, it became known that our men were lined 
up in front of St. Mihiel, Champagne and Chemin des 
Dames sectors. The following day a gas shell bombardment 
was turned on our men, in which 60 Americans were in- 
jured; the injury being due to insufficient time for gas 
mask adjustment. In the following three days our men 
kept advancing, and on March 2nd it became known that 
the Americans were already lined up along the front of 
Chavington north of Cambraii and of Luneville in a sector 
of Lorraine. 

Official reports from the Department of War on March 
15th showed our losses since the first contingent landed 
in France to be 1,722. Of these 237 were lost at sea, 136 
killed in action and 641 had died of diseases; 475 were 
wounded, 21 had been captured, 14 missing, 6 were gassed 
and 26 had died of wounds in hospitals and field. The 



other 166 were accounted for by various causes. On 
March 21st, 1918, the Germans opened the great drive of 
Picardy. Weeks of carnage had followed; but the suc- 
cessful raids of the allies resisted all German attempts to 
break the hand-in-hand holds of the British and French 
in line and the attempt to drive the British from Vimy 
Ridge. With unusual skill in fighting the British had also 
checked the attempt of the Germans to break 
through the lines and gain entrance to the channel ports. 
While the terrific fighting continued along the British and 
French fronts, the Americans were engaged in the battle 
of Chauny, near Crozat Canal. 

The battle of Seicheprey won by American forces on 
April 20th, 1918, cost the Germans 22 captive balloons and 
numerous aeroplanes, some of which fell behind the Ameri- 
can lines. Our loss was very small compared with 
that of the enemy. The Americans kept powerfully press- 
ing forward with less friction, and on May 28th took the 
village of Cantigny. 

In like form were our marines as were our army, proven 
so by the great victory in the battle of Venilly. The ma- 
rines showed some vigorous fighting in the two battles 
northwest of Chateau Thierry. 

Meanwhile the Germans were particularly concentrating 
in the Monta Grappa region, with the entire Mackensen 

24 




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army making a tremendous effort to break through and 
cut off the Italian forces. The enemy army, in one solid 
square, with equipment and munitions, stretched from the 
Monta Grappa to Balzano, a distance of about 41 miles. 
The Austro-Germans lost hundreds of thousands of their 
best soldiers, in the offensive against the Italians, and their 
further operation was confronted by insuperable dif- 
ficulties, and their present position was more unfavorable 
than at the beginning of the drive. However, the Central 
powers had failed to break through our lines and into the 
plains of Italy, where they expected to find comfortable 
shelter during the winter months. Such failure was due 
to the staggering losses which our soldiers were enabled 
to inflict upon the invaders. On the 26th of August Ger- 
man soldiers entered various streets of Louvain and or- 
dered the inhabitants of the houses to the, "Place de la 
Station," where the bodies of nearly a dozen assassinated 
persons were lying. On the 27th orders were given to va- 
cate the city, because the city was to be bombarded. Old 
men, women, children, the sick, priest and nuns were forced 
to hike over ninety miles to a town called Tirele- 
mont. Nearly the whole town was reduced to ashes. 
While this and other bitter and terrific raids were carried 
out on shore, our war ships were very busy at sea convey- 
ing troops, supplies and ammunition. The losses since our 

26 



entrance to war was slight. In the latter part of October 
the Casen was torpedoed in the war zone, badly dam- 
aged but fortunately made port. A few days later seventy 
lives were lost upon the sinking of the Antitles. When 
homeward bound from France in November, the transport 
Finland was torpedoed but reached port. Towards the 
close of the month, a German U-boat was captured by the 
United States destroyers. Early in December it was re- 
ported that the patrol boats, namely, Alcedo and Chauncey, 
the latter being on patrol duty in the war zone, were sunk. 
Forty-two lives reported lost. The loss of life caused by 
these disasters was comparatively small, except in the sink- 
ing of two of our great transports, Jacob Jones and Tus- 
cania, in which occasion over two hundred and fifty lives 
were known to be lost and many more unknown. The Tus- 
cania carried 2,179 American soldiers. The day drew near, 
when Germany was forced to draw a war zone 
around the Azore Islands. This fact was partly due to 
our naval activity in the way of rapid ship building, active 
submarine chasing and prompt transporting. Before 
the end of our first year in the war for democracy the man 
power in the navy increased to 329,300 men and 20,600 oflft- 
cers, while 1,275 vessels were at work in the vari- 
ous Democratic services. Due to efficient service on the 
part of our well developed and trained navy, 500,000 Amer- 

27 



ican men were across in France engaged in military serv- 
ice under General Foch in the early part of May, 1918. 
To this an appeal from the Prime Minister to the American 
people was delivered by Lord Reading : 

'*We are at the crisis of the war attacked by the im- 
mense superiority of German troops. Our army has been 
forced to retire. The retirement has been carried out 
methodically, before the pressure of a steady succession of 
fresh German reserves which are suffering enormous losses. 

'The situation is being faced with splendid courage and 
resolution. The 'dog pluck' of our troops has for the 
moment checked the ceaseless onrush of the enemy and the 
French have not joined in the struggle. But this battle, the 
greatest and most momentous in the history of the 
world, is only just beginning. Throughout the French and 
British are buoyed with the knowledge that the great re- 
public of the West will neglect no effort which can hasten 
its troops and its ships to Europe. In war, time is vital. 
It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of getting 
American re-inforcements across the Atlantic in the short- 
est possible space of time." 

Early in December, joint resolutions that a state of war 
existed between the United States and the Austrian-Hun- 
garian Government, were presented to both the House and 
the Senate. For many months before, depredations con- 

28 




An American Field Signal Batallion's telephone switchboard in operation. 
Amrican equipment was enriched with several hundred miles of Boche 
wires captured in the cleanup and a number of telephones. 



The 



tinued against the American people of the Austrian naval 
forces. A state of war actually existed between the Austro- 
Hungarian Government and America, but unfortunately 
this fact was unknown to the United States. The depreda- 
tion, although small, coupled with other acts carried out 
by Austra-Hungary caused the American people to real- 
ize that they must be grouped with Germany as an enemy. 
On the 4th of December, President Wilson delivered his 
annual address to Congress. Believing that he represented 
the people of the United States in this respect, he said : 

"First, that this intolerable Thing of which the masters 
of Germany have shown us the ugly face, this menace of 
combined intrigue and force which we now see so clearly 
as the German power, a Thing without conscience or honor 
or capacity for convenanted peace, must be crushed and, 
if it be not utterly brough to an end, at least shut 
out from the friendly intercourse of the nations; and, sec- 
ond, that when this Thing and its power are indeed de- 
feated and the time comes that we can discuss peace — 
when the German people have spokesmen whose word we 
can believe and when those spokesmen are ready in the 
name of their people to accept the common judgment of 
the nations as to what shall henceforth be the basis of law 
and of covenant for the life of the world, we shall be 
willing and glad to pay the full price for peace, and pay it 

30 



ungrudgingly. We know what the price will be. It will 
be full, impartial justice done at every point and to every 
nation that the final settlement must affect, our enemies 
as well as our friends. 

*'You catch, with me, the voices of humanity that are in 
the air. They grow daily more audible, more articulate, 
more persuasive, and they come from the hearts of men 
everywhere. They insist that the war shall not end in vin- 
dictive action of any kind; that no nation or people shall 
be robbed or punished because the irresponsible rulers of 
a single country have themselves done deep and abominable 
wrong. It is this thought that has been expressed 
in the formula, 'No annexations, no contributions, no puni- 
tive indemnities.' 

"Just because this crude formula expresses the instinc- 
tive judgment as to the right of plain men everywhere it 
has been made diligent use of by the masters of German 
intrigue to lead the people of Russia astray, and the peo- 
ple of every other country their agents could reach, in 
order that a premature peace might be brought about au- 
tocracy has been taught its final and convincing lesson and 
the people of the world put in control of their own destinies. 

"Let there be no misunderstanding. Our present and 
immediate task is to win the war and nothing shall turn 
us aside from it until it is accomplished. Every power and " 

31 



resource we posses, whether of men, of money, or materials, 
is being devoted, and will continue to be devoted 
to that purpose until it is achieved. * * * We shall re- 
gard the war as won only when the German people say to 
us, through properly accredited representatives, that they 
are ready to agree to a settlement based upon justice and 
the reparation of the wrongs their rulers have done. 

"They have done a wrong to Belgium which must be re- 
paired. They have established a power over other lands 
and peoples than their own, over the great empire of Aus- 
tria-Hungary, over hitherto free Balkan States, over 
Turkey and within Asia, which must be relinquished. 

"The peace we make must remedy that wrong. It must de- 
liver at once fair lands and happy peoples of Belgium and 
Northern France from the Prussian conquest and the Prus- 
sian menace, but it must also deliver the peoples of Austria- 
Hungary, alike in Europe and in Asia, from the impudent 
and alien domination of the Prussian military and com- 
mercial autocracy. 

"We owe it, however, to ourselves to say that we do not 
wish in any way to impair or to rearrange the Austro-Hun- 
garian empire. It is no affair of our what they do with 
their own life, either industrially or politically. We do 
not purpose or desire to dictate to them in any way. We 
only desire to see that their affairs are left in their own 

32 



hands, in all matters, great or small. We shall hope to 
secure for the peoples of the Balkan peninsula and for the 
people of the Turkish empire the right and opportunity to 
make their own lives safe, their own fortunes secure 
against oppression or injustice and from the dictation of 
foreign courts or parties. 

''And our attitude and purpose with regard to Germany 
herself are of a like kind. We intend no wrong against the 
German empire, no interference with her internal affairs. 
We should deem either the one or the other absolutely un- 
justifiable, absolutely contrary to the principles we have 
professed to live by and to hold most sacred throughout our 
life as a nation. 

"What shall we do, then, to push this great war of free- 
dom and justice to its righteous conclusion? We must 
clear away with a thorough hand all impediments to suc- 
cess and we must make every adjustment of law that will 
facilitate the full and free use of our whole capacity and 
force as a fighting unit. 

"One very embarrassing obstacle that stands in our way 
is that we are at war with Germany, but not with her al- 
lies. I, therefore, very earnestly recommend that the Con- 
gress immediately declare the United States in a state of 
war with Austria-Hungary. Does it seem strange to you 
that this should be the conclusion of the argument I have 



n 



just addressed to you? It is not. It is, in fact, the in- 
evitable logic of what I have said. Austria-Hungary is for 
the time being not her own mistress, but simply the vassal 
of the German Government. We must face the 
facts as they are and act upon them without sentiment in 
this stern business. The Government of Austria-Hungary 
is not acting upon its own initiative or in response to the 
wishes and feeling of its own peoples, but as the instru- 
ment of another nation. We must meet its force with our 
own and regard the Central Powers as but one. The war 
can be successfully conducted in no other way. The same 
logic would lead also to a declaration of war against Turkey 
and Bulgaria. They also are the tools of Germany. But 
they are mere tools and do not yet stand in the direct path 
of our necessary action. We shall go wherever the 
necessities of this war carry us, but it seems to me that 
we should go only where immediate and practical consid- 
erations lead us and not heed any others." 

December 7th a resolution was passed by both the Senate 
and the House, and the same day signed by the President 
whose signature announced the declaration of war on Aus- 
tria-Hungary. 

Meanwhile fighting in France continued the same as 
ever, and on May 27th the Germans opened an attack be- 
tween Lorce and Voormezeele and another between Sois- 

34 



> 


i^S^ 






r^M 








Balloon I>escendin£r 
Camp de Sourgre, near Bordeaux 



sons and Rheims. The attacks cost the allies 45,000 pris- 
oners, 400 guns and thousands of machine guns. While 
these attacks were going on in the district of Areas, the 
Americans were rapidly advancing along the Chateau 
Thierry. July 1st our troops went over the top and cap- 
tured the village of Vaux. On the 2nd our position was 
in the Bois de la Roche. The Germans tried to open an 
attack on the Western front of Chateau Thierry, but we 
counteracted across the open and after sharp fighting ef- 
fected the enemy and captured over 500 prisoners. Dur- 
ing the month of July our troops showed vigorous action 
along the Chateau Thierry and at the end of the month 
the prisoners captured by our men numbered 1,200. While 
terrific blows were being exchanged, between the allies and 
the enemy, the enemy airmen attacked the aviation camp 
of Istrana and repeated their aggression against the in- 
habitants of the open cities of Vicenza, Bassaus Castle, 
Franco and Trevigo, where bombs were dropped. Alto- 
gether we registered 13 dead and 44 wounded. The British 
aircraft continued their efforts daily to destroy the enemy's 
batteries, although the enemy had been very active in a 
few previous raids. Although many conflicts were carried 
out against our troops this month we captured a total of 
1,018 prisoners, including 12 officers, 4 guns, 3 truck mor- 
tars and 103 machine guns. On September 12th our di- 

36 



vision opened an attack on St. Mihiel salient. This attack 
lasted three days, during which time most successful raids 
were carried out by our troops and on September 15th we 
registered only 7,000 casualties, while we captured 16,000 
prisoners, 443 guns, a large quantity of material and 
checked enemy domination in many villages. The French 
took St. Mihiel. On Novemebr 7th the American army 
opened their last and one of their most successful attacks 
along the road towards Sedan. This battle cost the Ger- 
mans 44,000 prisoners, 1,400 guns, howitzers, and truck 
mortars. Attacks were ordered by General Pershing in the 
direction of the coal field of Buey, when the armistice wa^ 
signed and orders came to cease firing on the morning of 
November 11. 



38 



PEACE CONFERENCE 

The Peace Conference met in full session on Saturday, 
January 19th, 1919. This was the first of many meetings 
held in the gorgeous Salle de Paix of the Foreign Ministry. 

At this session, proceedings were confined to speeches 
by President Wilson, Lloyd George, Baron Sinnio, Premier 
Clemenceau and an address of welcome by President Poin- 
caire. At the various meetings following this, discussions 
of the peace treaty and league of nations were held, until 
the final session of the representatives of all the nations of 
the world on April 28th, 1919. At this sitting all the mem- 
bers at the peace conference affixed their signatures to the 
peace treaty, opening the traffic to success for a wide world 
commercial business, restoring the feeling of a safe land in 
the hearts of all the people. 



DEMOCRACY 

Democracy is a public covenant, which brings the con- 
sent of the governed into the Government, and provides 
for the people the unrestricted rights of political deter- 
mination, 

Melvin J. Gordon. 



MONEY EXPENDITURES 

OF THE 

WORLD WAR 



In the history of the war, the editor aimed to involve 
the principles and facts that concerned the United 
States only. He aimed to make the history as brief as 
possible, yet taking in every point of information that 
would be of interest to any man, woman or child in the 
United States. But in stating the costs, the comparison 
in expense of nation with nation, should be of as much 
interest to all the people of this country, as the knowl- 
edge of the expenditures of the United States in the world 
war. The costs of the great world war as a whole affected 
us indirectly, as well as the costs of the United States di- 
rectly. 

The following figures are official ; taken from the reports 
of the Honorable Ernest L. Bogart, Professor of Economics, 
in the University of Illinois : 

40 



EXPENDITURE OF THE 
UNITED STATES 



Fiscal Year War Expend. Advances Total 

1916-17 $ 423,405,993 $ 885,000,000 $1,308,405,993 

1917-18 8,242,039,268 4,739.434,750 12,981,474,018 

1918-19 14,311,131,692 3,479,255,265 17,790,386.957 



$22,976,576,953 $9,103,690,015 $32,080,266,968 



The following table shows briefly the results of the loans 
contracted by the United States in the prosecution of the jl 
war. 

Am't Asked Am't Am't Number of Rate of Redeem. 

Loan Date Billions Subscribed Accepted Subscribers Interest Payable 

1st 6-15-17 2 $3,035,226,850 $2,000,000,000 4,500,000 3.5 '2e-'47 

2nd 11-15-17 3 4,617,532,300 3,808,766,150 9,420.000 4. '27-*42 

3rd 5- 9-18 3 4.176,516.830 4,176.576,850 18.376,815 4.25 '28 

4th 10-24-18 6 6,993,073,250 6,993,073,250 21,000,000 4.25 '33-'38 

5th 5-21-19 4.5 5.249.908.300 4,500,000.000 12,000.000 4.75 •23-'24 



41 



EXPENDITURE OF GREAT BRITAIN 

Fiscal Year Expenditure 

1914-1915 $ 2,802,367,665 

1915-1916 7,795,791,888 

1916-1917 10,990,563,550 

1917-1918 13,481,107,025 

1918-1919 13,896,505,940 

$48,996,336,068 
Less five years normal 4,937,324,200 

War expenditure $44,029,011,868 

This expenditure was met by: 

Revenue $13,664,813,735 

Less five years normal 4,956,072,425 

$ 8,708,741,310 
Borrowings 35,055,123,155 

Total $43,763,864,465 



42 



EXPENDITURE OF CANADA 

Fiscal Year Expenditure 

1914-1915 $ 65,936,492 

1915-1916 169,384,654 

1916-1917 321,864,160 

1917-1918 345,574,000 

1918-1919 450,000,000 

$1,352,759,306 
Increase in Civil Budget 312,816,726 

Total $1,665,576,032 

This expenditure was met by: 

Revenue $ 265,792,193 

Loans) Internal 1,438,000,000 

" (External 195,000,000 

Total $1,898,792,193 



43 



EXPENDITURE OF FRANCE 

Fiscal Year Expenditure 

1914-1915 $ 2,817,900,000 

1915-1916 4,560,800,000 

1916-1917 6,589,029,000 

1917-1918 8,374,185,000 

1918-1919 8,537,800,000 

$30,879,714,000 
Less five years normal expen 5,006,931,200 

$25,812,782,800 

This expenditure was met by: 

Four war loans $11,012,200,000 

Advances from banks 3,430,000,000 

Advances from Great Britain 2,170,000,000 

Advances from United States 2,436,427,000 

Other loans from United States 686,000,000 

Loans in neutral countries 150,000,000 

Floating debt 4,800,000,000 

Revenue five years 5,232,372,130 

$29,916,999,130 

Less five years normal 4,639,557,525 

Extraordinary receipts $25,277,441,605 



44 



EXPENDITURE OF ITALY 

Fiscal Year Expenditure 

1914-1915 607,840,000 

1915-1916 1,670,300,000 

1916-1917 2,826,440,000 

1917-1918 3,946,920,000 

1918-1919 1,345,000,000 

$10,396,500,000 

Unpaid liabilities 2,000,000,000 

Interest on war debt 724,000,000 

$13,120,500,000 
Increase in civil budget 99,362,000 

$13,219,862,000 
Less military expense 707,140,000 

Net cost of war $12,512,722,000 

This expenditure was met by: 

Loans $ 3,053,700,000 

State note issues 337,740,000 

Advances 4,963,000,000 

Bonds 650,000,000 

Exchequer bills 1,950,000,000 

Private banking credit in U. S 25,000,000 

Excess revenue 1,468,511,000 

$12,449,951,000 

45 



EXPENDITURE OF GERMANY 

Fiscal Year Expenditure 

1914-1915 $ 1,875,000,000 

1915-1916 5,750,000,000 

1916-1917 6,650,000,000 

1917-1918 9,875,000,000 

1918-1919 12,125,000,000 

$36,275,000,000 

Treasury bills 1,500,000,000 

Advances to Allies 2,375,000,000 

Total $40,150,000,000 

This expenditure was met by: 

Nine war loans $24,640,419,925 

Loans in United States 10,000,000 

Discounts and bills 8,276,700,000 

$32,927,119,925 

War chest gold and silver 81,000,000 

Russian indemnity gold 51,000,000 

Belgian levies 500,000,000 

$33,559,119,925 



46 



EXPENDITURE OF NEW ZEALAND 

Fiscal Year Expenditure 

1914-1915 $ 59,129,320 

1915-1916 61,899,015 

1916-1917 62,465,535 

1917-1918 70,293,850 

1918-1919 80,413,510 

$334,201,230 
This expenditure was met by: 

Revenue $374,130,450 

Loans 293,163,400 

$667,293,850 

EXPENDITURE OF RUSSIA 

Fiscal Year Expenditure 

1914-1915 $ 1,273,000,000 

1915-1916 4,687,450,000 

1916-1917 7,633,500,000 

1917-1918 9,000,000,000 

$22,593,950,000 
This expenditure was met by: 

Loans $16,830,335,000 

Revenue 8,112,396,000 

Increased revenue 377,000,000 

$25,319,731,000 

47 



EXPENDITURE OF AUSTRALIA 

Fiscal Year Expenditure 

1914-1915 $ 73,964,800 

1915-1916 230,537,195 

1916-1917 331,395,455 

1917-1918 438,500,000 

1918-1919 (estimate) 500,022,055 

$1,574,419,505 

This expenditure was met by: 

Revenue $ 229,168,805 

Loans Internal 961,249,875 

" External 247,000,000 

$1,437,418,680 



EXPENDITURE OF JAPAN 

Fiscal Year Expenditure 

1914-1915 $103,900,000 

1915-1916 93,700,000 

1916-1917 77,900,000 

1917-1918 148,900,000 



$424,400,000 



This expenditure was met by: 

Revenue $1,582,800,000 

48 



EXPENDITURE OF HOLLAND 

Fiscal Year Expenditure 

1913-1914 $ 95,200,000 

1914-1915 143,600,000 

1915-1916 124,000,000 

1916-1917 210,800,000 

1917-1918 261,600,000 

1918-1919 330,000,000 



$1,165,200,000 

Less five years normal 493,200,000 

Total war cost $ 672,000,000 



Indirect Costs 

Although Holland remained neutral, it is necessary, in 
giving a complete account of war expenditures, that Hol- 
land's increase in disbursement during war period be at- 
tributed to the war. This increase was the result of higher 
prices due to scarcity and universal inflation. These ex- 
penditures were met in part by increase in revenue and 
loans. 



49 



Similar consideration must be given to Switzerland's ex- 
penditures and that of the three Scandanavian countries. 
No other nation remaining neutral had any excess expen* 
ditures. 



EXPENDITURE OF SWITZERLAND 

Excess receipts $228,222,560 

Loans 93,600,000 

Floating debt 107,800,000 

$429,622,560 

EXPENDITURE OF SCANDINAVIAN 
COUNTRIES 

Excess to normal expense $150,000,000 

The total expenditures of the neutral countries, approx- 
imately, $1,750,000,000 may therefore be regarded as in- 
direct costs of the Great War. 



50 



LOSS OF LIFE IN GREAT WORLD WAR 

Country Dead 

United States 107,284 

Great Britain 807,151 

France 1,427,800 

Russia 2,762,064 

Italy 507,160 

♦Belgium 267,000 

Serbia 707,343 

Roumania 339,117 

♦Greece 15,000 

♦Portugal 4,000 

♦Japan 300 



6,938,519 

•Unofficial. 

Germany 1,611,104 

Austria 911,000 

Turkey 436,924 

Bulgaria 101,224 



Wounded 


Prisoners 




or Missing 


191,000 


4,912 


2,059,134 


67,907 


3,044,000 


453,500 


4,950,000 


2,500,000 


962,196 


1,359,000 


140,000 


10,000 


350,000 


100,000 


200,000 


116,000 


40,000 


45,000 


17,000 


300 


907 


3 


11,954,237 


4,653,522 


3,783,143 


772,522 


3,000,000 


443,000 


407,772 


103,731 


1,152,399 


10,825 



3,060,252 8,343,314 1,330,078 

Grand total: 

Known dead 9,998,771 

Presumed dead 2,991,800 

Wounded 20,297,551 

Total casualties as far as known 33,298,122 

61 



COSTS— DIRECT AND INDIRECT 

Total direct costs, net $186,333,637,097 

Indirect costs : Soldiers 33,551,276,280 

" Civilians 33,551,276,280 

Property losses 36,760,000,000 

Losse of production 45,000,000,000 

'* War relief 1,000,000,000 

Loss to neutral 1,750,000,000 



Grand total $337,946,179,657 

Note : Russia had the greatest loss in human life num- 
bering 2,762,640 known dead, 4,950,000 wounded, 2,500,000 
prisoners or missing. 

Great Britain had the greatest loss in money, netting 
$43,763,864,465. 



52 



Text of the Armistice 

One — Cessation of operations by land and in the air six 
hours after the signature of the armistice. 

Two — Immediate evacuation of invaded countries: Bel- 
gium, France, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxemburg, so ordered as 
to be completed within fourteen days from the signature 
of the armistice. German troops which have not left the 
above-mentioned territories within the period fixed will 
become prisoners of war. Occupation by the Allied and 
United States forces jointly will keep pace with evacuation 
in these areas. All movements of evacuation and occupation 
will be regulated in accordance with a note annexed to the 
stated terms. 

Three — Repatriation beginning at once to be completed 
within fifteen days of all the inhabitants of the countries 
above enumerated (including hostages, persons under trial 
or convicted). 

Four — Surrender in good condition by the German 
Armies of the following war materials: Five thousand 
guns (2.500 heavy, and 2,500 field), 25,000 machine guns, 
3,000 minenwefer, 1,700 airplanes (fighters, bombers — 
firstly, all of the 7's and all the night bombing machines) . 
The above to be delivered in situ to the Allied and 

68 



United States troops in accordance with detailed conditions 
laid down in the note (annexure No. 1) drawn up at the 
moment of the signing of the armistice. 

Five — Evacuation by the German armies of the coun- 
tries on the left bank of the Rhine. The countries on the 
left bank of the Rhine shall be administered by the local 
troops of occupation. The occupation of these territories 
will be carried out by Allied and United States garrisons 
holding the principle crossings of the Rhine (Mayence, Cob- 
lentz, Cologne), together wth the bridgeheads at these 
points of a thirty-kilometer radius on the right bank and 
by garrisons similarly holding the strategic points of the 
regions. A neutral zone shall be reserved on the right bank 
of the Rhine between the stream and a line drawn parallel 
to the bridgeheads and to the stream and at a distance of 
ten kilometers from the frontier of Holland up to the fron- 
tier of Switzerland. The evacuation by the enemy of the 
Rhinelands (left and right bank) shall be so ordered as 
to be completed within a further period of sixteen days, in 
all, thirty-one days after the signing of the armistice. All 
the movements of evacuation or occupation are regulated 
by the note (annexure No. 1) drawn up at the moment of 
the signing of the armistice. 

Six — In all territories evacuated by the enemy there shall 
be no evacuation of inhabitants; no damage or harm shall 

54 



be done to the persons or property of the inhabitants. No 
person shall be prosecuted for offenses of participation in 
war measures prior to the signing of the armistice. No de- 
struction of any kind shall be committed. Military estab- 
lishments of all kinds shall be delivered intact, as well as 
military stores of food, munitions, and equipment, not re- 
moved during the time fixed for evacuation. Stores of food 
of all kinds for the civil population, cattle, etc., shall be 
left in situ. Industrial establishments shall not be im- 
paired in any way and their personnel shall not be re- 
moved. 

Seven — Roads and means of communication of every 
kind, railroads, waterways, main roads, bridges, telegraph, 
telephones, shall be in no manner impaired. All civil and 
military personnel at present employed on them shall re- 
main. Five thousand locomotives and 150,000 wagons in 
good working order, with all necessary spare parts and 
fittings, shall be delivered to the associated powers within 
the period fixed in annexure No. 2, and total of which shall 
not exceed thirty-one days. There shall likewise be de- 
livered 5,000 motor lorries (camione automobiles) in good 
order, within the period of thirty-six days. The railways 
of Alsace-Lorraine shall be handed over within the period 
of thirty-one days, together with pre-war personnel and 
material. Further, the material necessary for the working 

65 



of railways in the countries on the left bank of the Rhine 
shall be left in situ. All stores of coal and material for 
the upkeep of permanent ways, signals and repair shops 
shall be left in situ. These stores shall be maintained by 
Germany insofar as concerns the working of the railroads 
in the countries on the left bank of the Rhine. All barges 
taken from the Allies shall be restored to them. The note, 
annexure No. 2, regulates the details of these measures. 

Eight — The German command shall be responsible for re- 
vealing within the period of forty-eight hours after the 
signing of the armistice all mines or delayed action fuses 
on territory evacuated by the German troops and shall 
assist in their discovery and destruction. It also shall re- 
veal all destructive measures that may have been taken 
(such as poisoning or polluting of springs and wells, etc.) 
All under penalty of reprisals. 

Nine — The right of requisition shall be exercised by the 
Allied and United States armies in all occupied territories, 
subject to regulations of accounts with those whom it may 
concern. The upkeep of the troops of occupation in the 
Rhineland (excluding Alsace-Lorraine) shall be charged to 
the German Government. 

Ten — The immediate repatriation without reciprocity, ac- 
cording to detailed conditions which shall be fixed, of all 
Allied and United States prisoners of war, including per- 

56 



sons under trial or convicted. The Allied Powers and the 
United States shall be able to dispose of them as they wish. 
This condition annuls the previous conventions on the sub- 
ject of the exchange of prisoners of war, including the one 
of July, 1918, in course of ratification. However, the re- 
patriation of German prisoners of war interned in Holland 
and in Switzerland shall continue as before. The repatria- 
tion of German prisoners of war shall be regulated at the 
conclusion of the preliminaries of peace. 

Eleven — Sick and wounded who cannot be removed from 
evacuated territory will be cared for by German person- 
nel, who will be left on the spot with the medical material 
required. 

Twelve — All German troops at present in the territories 
which before belonged to Austria-Hungary, Rumania, Tur- 
key, shall withdraw immediately within the fron- 
tiers of Germany as they existed on August first, nineteen 
fourteen. All German troops at present in the territories 
which before the war belonged to Russia, shall likewise 
withdraw within the frontiers of Germany, defined as 
above, as soon as the Allies, taking into account the inter- 
nal situation of these territories, shall decide that the time 
for this has come. 

Thirteen — Evacuation by German troops to begin at once, 
and all German instructors, prisoners, and civilians as well 

57 



as military agents now on the territory of Russia (as de- 
fined before 1914) to be recalled. 

Fourteen — German troops to cease at once all requisitions 
and seizures and any other undertaking with a view to ob- 
taining supplies intended for Germany in Rumania and 
Russia. 

Fifteen — Renunciation of the treaties of Bucharest and 
Brest-Litovsk and of the supplementary treaties. 

Sixteen — The Allies shall have free access to the terri- 
tories evacuated by the Germans on their eastern frontier, 
either through Danzig, or by the Vistula, in order to con- 
vey supplies to the populations of those territories and for 
the purpose of maintaining order. 

Seventeen — Evacuation by all German forces operating 
in East Africa within a period to be fixed by the Allies. 

Eighteen — Repatriation, without reciprocity, within a 
maximum period of one month in accordance with detailed 
conditions hereafter to be fixed of all interned civilians, 
emy which can serve as a pledge to the Allies for the re- 
longing to the Allied or Associated Powers other than 
those enumerated in Article 3. 

Nineteen — The following financial conditions are re- 
quired: Reparation for damage done. While such armis- 
tice lasts no public securities shall be removed by the en- 

68 



emy which can serve as a pledge to the Allied for the re- 
covery of reparation for war losses. Immediate restitu- 
tion of the cash deposit in the national bank of Belgium, 
and in general immediate return of all documents, specie, 
stocks, shares, paper money, together with plan for the is- 
sue thereof, touching public or private interests in the in- 
vaded countries. Restitution of the Russian and Ruman- 
ian gold yielded to Germany or taken by that power. This 
gold to be delivered in trust to the Allies until the signa- 
ture of peace. 

Twenty — Immediate sessation of all hostilities at sea and 
definite information to be given as to the location and 
movements of all German ships. Notification to be 
given to neutrals that freedom of navigation in all terri- 
trial waters is given to the naval and mercantile marines 
of the Allied and Associated Powers, all questions of neu- 
trality being waived. 

Twenty-one — All naval and mercantile marine prisoners 
of the Allied and Associated Powers in German hands 
to be returned without reciprocity. 

Twenty-two — Surrender to the Allies and United States 
of all submarines (including submarine cruisers and all 
mine-laying submarines), now existing, with their complete 
armament and equipment, in ports which shall be specified 



by the Allies and United States. Those which cannot be 
taken to these ports shall be disarmed of the personnel and 
material and shall remain under the supervision of the 
Allies and the United States. The submarines which are 
ready for the sea shall be prepared to leave the German 
ports as soon as orders shall be received by wireless for 
their voyage to the port designated for their delivery, and 
the remainder at the earliest possible moment. The condi- 
tions of this article shall be carried into effect within the 
period of fourteen days after the signing of the armistice. 
Twenty-three — German surface warships which shall be 
designated by the Allies and the United States shall be 
immediately disarmed and thereafter interned in neutral 
ports or in default of them in Allied ports to be designated 
by the Allies and the United States. They will there re- 
main under the supervision of the Allies and the United 
States, only caretakers being left on board. The following 
warships are designated by the Allies : Six battle cruisers, 
ten battleships, eight light cruisers (including two mine 
layers), fifty destroyers of the most modern types. All 
other surface warships (including river craft) are to be 
concentrated in German naval bases to be designated by 
the Allies and the United States and are to be completely 
disarmed and classed under the supervision of the Allies 

60 



I 



and the United States. The military armament of all ships 
of the auxiliary fleet shall be put on shore. All vessels 
designated to be interned shall be ready to leave the Ger- 
man ports seven days after the signing of the armistice. 
Directions for the voyage will be given by wireless. 

Twenty-four — The Allies and the United States of 
America shall have the right to sweep up all mine fields 
and obstructions laid by Germany outside German terri- 
torial waters, and the positions of these are to be indicated. 

Twenty-five — Freedom of access to and from the Bal- 
tic to be given to the naval and mercantile marines of the 
Allied and Associated Powers. To secure this the Allies 
and the United States of America shall be empowered to 
occupy all German forts, fortifications, batteries, and de- 
fense works of all kinds in all the entrances from the Cat- 
tegat into the Baltic, and to sweep up all mines and ob- 
structions within and without German territorial waters, 
without any question of neutrality being raised, and the po- 
sitions of all such mines and obstructions are to be indi- 
cated. 

Twenty-six — The existing blockade conditions set up by 
the Allied and Associated Powers are to remain unchanged, 
and all German merchant ships found at sea are to remain 
liable to capture. The Allies and the United States should 

61 



give consideration to the provisioning of Germany during 
the armistice to the extent recognized as necessary. 

Twenty-seven — All naval aircraft are to be concentrated 
and immobilized in German bases to be specified by the 
Allies and the United States of America. 

Tv^enty-eight — In evacuating the Belgium coast and ports 
Germany shall abandon in situ and in fact all port 
and river navagation material, all merchant ships, tugs, 
lighters, all naval aeronautic apparatus, material and sup- 
plies, and all arms, apparatus and supplies of every kind. 

Twenty-nine — All Black Sea ports are to be evacuated by 
Germany; all Russian war vessels of all descriptions seized 
by Germany in the Black Sea are to be handed over to 
the Allies and the United States of America; all neutral 
merchant vessels seized are to be released ; all warlike and 
other materials of all kinds seized in those ports are to be 
returned and German materials as specified in Clause 
Twenty-eight are to be abandoned. 

Thirty — All merchant vessels in German hands belong- 
ing to the Allied and Associated Powers are to be restored 
in ports to be specified by the Allies and the United States 
of America without reciprocity. 

Thirty-one — No destruction of ships or of materials to 
be permitted before evacuation, surrender or restoration. 

62 



Thirty-two-The German Government will notify the 
neutra^GoTernments of the world, and particularly the 
Govelen ts of Norway, Sweden, I^— Ic and Hol^^^^^^^ 
that all restrictions placed on the tradmg of their vessels 
^tl 'he Allied and Associated Countries, whe her by the 
« Government or by private German -tere^t^^^^ 
whether in return for specific concessions, «"*/« ^^^^ ^^ 
r^rfof shipbuilding materials, or not, are immediately can- 

celled. 

Thirty-three-No transfers of German merchant ship- 
ping o^a^ description to any neutral flag are to take place 
after the signature of the armistice. 

Thirty-four-The duratfon of the armistice is to be thirty 
days with option to extend. During this period if 
iTdauses are not carried into execution the armistice may 
Z denounced by one of the contracting P-ties. which - J 
criv*^ warning forty-eight hours m advance. It is under 
SI thime execution of Articles 3 to 18 shall not wax- 
rant the denunciation of the armistice on the ground of in- 
sufficient execution within a period fixed, except m the case 
of bad faith in carrying them into execution. In order to 
assure the execution of this convention under the best con- 
ditions, the principle of a permanent international armis- 
tice commission is admitted. This commission will act un- 



63 



der the authority of the Allied Military and Naval Com- 
manders-in-Chief. 

Thirty-five — This armistice to be accepted or refused by 
Germany within seventy-two hours of notification. 

(This armistice has been signed the Eleventh of Novem- 
ber, Nineteen Hundred Eighteen, at 5 o'clock French time.) 

F. FOCH 

R. E. WEMYSS 

ERZBERGER 

A. OBERNDORFF 

WINTERFELDT 

VAN SALOW 



64 



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